Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 : Public Law 109-432 : H.R. 6111 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2006 Abstract: Division B, Title 4 of this Act amended the Social Security Act to include foster children in the groups exempt from the requirement to present documentary evidence of citizenship or nationality in order to qualify for Medicaid benefits. Child and Family Services Improvement Act of 2006 : Public Law 109-288 : S. 3525 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2006 Abstract: Reauthorizes the Promoting Safe and Stable Families (PSSF) program through FY2011, and increases set-asides for Indian tribes. The Act reserves funds for States to develop activities designed to improve caseworker retention, recruitment, training, and ability to access the benefits of technology, as well as to support monthly caseworker visits to children in foster care. Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 : Public Law 109-248 : H.R. 4472 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2006 Abstract: Acts to protect children from sexual exploitation and violent crime, to prevent child abuse and child pornography, and to promote Internet safety. Title I, Subtitle C requires national criminal background and child abuse registry checks before approval of any foster or adoptive placement. Title VI, Subtitle C requires the Department of Health and Human Services to establish a national registry of substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect. Safe and Timely Interstate Placement of Foster Children Act of 2006 : Public Law 109-239 : H.R. 5403 Corporate Author: United States Congress Publication Year:2006 Abstract:Requires each State plan for foster care and adoption assistance to provide that the State shall have procedures for orderly and timely interstate placement of children; complete home studies requested by another State within a specified period; and accept home studies received from another State. Available Online Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 : Public Law 109-171 : S. 1932 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2006 Abstract: Title VII, Subtitle D provides for new court improvement grants for improved data collection and training for judges, attorneys, and other legal personnel in child welfare cases; requires collaboration between courts and agencies; provides for the use of child welfare records in State court proceedings; authorizes appropriations for FY2006 for safe and stable families programs; and revises eligibility requirements for foster care maintenance payments and adoption assistance. Fair Access Foster Care Act of 2005 : Public Law 109-113 : S. 1894 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2005 Abstract: Amends title IV-E of the Social Security Act to provide for the making of foster care maintenance payments to private for-profit agencies. Adoption Promotion Act of 2003 : Public Law 108-145 : H.R. 3182 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year: 2003 Abstract: Reauthorizes the adoption incentive program under Title IV-E; provides additional incentives for adoption of older children (age 9 and older) from foster care. Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003 : Public Law 108-36 : S. 342 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2003 Abstract: Extends and amends the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act; the Adoption Opportunities Act; the Abandoned Infants Assistance Act; and the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 : Public Law 108-21 : S. 151 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2003 Abstract: Creates a national Amber alert system, and provides for enhanced penalties for child sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, and child pornography. Promoting Safe and Stable Families Amendments of 2001 : Public Law 107-133 : H.R. 2873 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2002 Abstract: Extends and amends the Promoting Safe and Stable Families program; amends the Foster Care Independent Living program. Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 : Public Law 107-16 : H.R. 1836 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2001 Abstract: Title II includes provisions to extend permanently the adoption credit; increase the maximum credit to $10,000 per eligible child; and increase to $150,000 the beginning of point of the income phase-out range. Available Online Child Citizenship Act of 2000 : Public Law 106-395 : H.R. 2883 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year: 2000 Abstract: Amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to confer United States citizenship automatically and retroactively to certain foreign-born children adopted by citizens of the United States. Available Online Strengthening Abuse and Neglect Courts Act of 2000 : Public Law 106-314 : S. 2272. Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year: 2000 Abstract: Seeks to improve the administrative efficiency and effectiveness of the Nation's abuse and neglect courts and for other purposes consistent with the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. Children's Health Act of 2000 : Public Law 106-310 : H.R. 4365. Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2000 Abstract: Title XII of this Act authorizes funding for adoption awareness activities and public awareness campaigns for adoption of infants and children with special needs. Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000 : Public Law 106-279 : H.R. 2909 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year: 2000 Abstract: Provides for implementation of the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption by the United States. Child Abuse Prevention and Enforcement Act of 2000 : Public Law 106-177 : H.R. 764 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:2000 Abstract: Seeks to reduce the incidence of child abuse and neglect through law enforcement initiatives and prevention activities. Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 : Public Law 106-169 : H.R. 3443 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:1999 Abstract: Amends title IV-E of the Social Security Act to provide States with more funding and greater flexibility in carrying out programs designed to help children make the transition from foster care to self-sufficiency. Available Online Child Support Performance and Incentive Act of 1998 : Public Law 105-200 : H.R. 3130 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year:1998 Abstract: Title III of the Act amends title IV-E of the Social Security Act (Adoption and Foster Care Assistance) to provide for a more flexible penalty procedure for States that violate interjurisdictional adoption requirements. Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 : Public Law 105-89 : H.R. 867 Corporate Author: United States Congress, Publication Year: 1997Abstract:Seeks to promote the safety, permanency and well-being of children in foster care; accelerate the permanent placement of children in care; and increase the accountability of the child welfare system.Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 : Public Law 105-17 : H.R. 5. Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1997
Abstract:Reauthorized and amended the Act to provide for the educational needs of children and infants with disabilities. Available Online
23 Document Title:Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Amendments of 1996 : Public Law 104-235 : S. 919 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1996 Abstract:Reauthorized and amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act; The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act; and the Abandoned Infants Assistance Act. Available Online
24 Document Title:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 : Public Law 104-193 : H.R. 3734. Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1996 Abstract:Limits eligibility for Federal foster care and adoption assistance payments to children in families that would have been eligible for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Requires States to consider giving preference to adult relatives over non-relative caregivers when choosing a placement for a child. (Note: The AFDC program was replaced by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).) Available Online
26 Document Title:Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 : Public Law 104-188 : H.R. 3448 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1996 Abstract:Title I, Subtitle H, amends the tax code to provide for adoption assistance through tax credits. Section 1808 of this subtitle contains the Removal of Barriers to Interethnic Adoption (IEP) provisions, which amends the Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994. Available Online
27 Document Title:Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 : Public Law 103-382 : H.R. 6 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1994 Abstract:Title V (Miscellaneous Provisions) of the Act contains the provisions of the Multiethnic Placement Act that were intended to prevent discrimination on the basis of race, color, and/or national origin when making foster or adoptive placements. Available Online
28 Document Title:Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1993 : Public Law 103-66 : H.R. 2264 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1993 Abstract:Title XIII, Chapter 2, Subchapter C, Part 1 authorized funding for the family preservation and support services program through fiscal year 1998. Available Online
29 Document Title:Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 : Public Law 103-03 : H.R. 1. Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1993 Abstract:Grants family and temporary medical leave for employees, including civil service employees, under certain circumstances, including the birth or adoption of a child. Available Online
32 Document Title:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 : Public Law 101-508 : H.R. 5835 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1990 Abstract:Title V, Subtitle A, Chapter 4 and 5 excludes foster care or adoption assistance payments when determining a family's eligibility for AFDC assistance; requires State agencies to report known or suspected abuse or neglect of a child receiving aid; and allows States to receive reimbursement for child placement services. Available Online
33 Document Title:Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990 : Public Law 101-381 : S. 2240 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1990 Abstract:Provides grants to improve the quality and availability of care for individuals and families with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Available Online
35 Document Title:Abandoned Infants Assistance Act of 1988 : Public Law 100-505 : S. 945 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1988 Abstract:Funded for fiscal years 1989 through 1991 demonstration projects to provide respite home and other assistance for infants abandoned in hospitals. Available Online
36 Document Title:Family Support Act of 1988 : Public Law 100-485 : H.R. 1720 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1988 Abstract:Amended the AFDC program with a new Family Support Program to provide for enhanced enforcement of child support orders. Available Online
37 Document Title:Child Abuse Prevention, Adoption and Family Services Act of 1988 : Public Law 100-294 : H.R. 1900 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1988 Abstract:Reauthorized through fiscal year 1991 and amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform Act of 1978, and the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act. Available Online
38 Document Title:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986 : Public Law 99-509 : H.R. 5300 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1986 Abstract:Title IX, Subtitle E, Part 5 of this Act mandated the establishment of National Adoption Information Clearinghouse. Available Online
39 Document Title:Education of the Handicapped Amendments of 1986 : Public Law 99-457 : S. 2294 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1986 Abstract:Reauthorized for fiscal year 1987 through 1991 certain programs under the Education of the Handicapped Act. Authorized an early intervention program for handicapped infants. Available Online
40 Document Title:Children's Justice and Assistance Act of 1986 : Public Law 99-401 : S. 140 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1986 Abstract:To amend the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act to establish a program to encourage States to enact child protection reforms which are designed to improve legal and administrative proceedings regarding the investigation and prosecution of child abuse cases, particularly child sexual abuse cases, and to establish demonstration programs of temporary child care for handicapped children and crisis nurseries. Available Online
41 Document Title:Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 : Public Law 98-457 : H.R. 1904 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1988 Abstract:Reauthorized through fiscal year 1987 the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act; extended and improved provisions of laws related to child abuse and neglect and adoption. Available Online
42 Document Title:Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 : Public Law 96-272 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1980 Abstract:Authorized appropriations for adoption and foster care assistance to the States. Required States to provide adoption assistance to parents who adopt a child who is AFDC-eligible and is a child with special needs. For foster care assistance, States are required to make reasonable efforts to prevent placement or to reunify children with their families. Available Online
43 Document Title:Indian Child Welfare Act : Public Law 95-608 : S. 1214 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1978 Abstract:Established standards for the placement of Indian child in foster or adoptive homes and to prevent the breakup of Indian families. Available Online
44 Document Title:Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform Act of 1978 : Public Law 95-266 : H.R. 6693 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1978 Abstract:Reauthorized through fiscal year 1981 and amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act; funded the Adoption Opportunities program to facilitate the adoption of children with special needs. Available Online
46 Document Title:Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act : Public Law 93-247 : S. 1191 Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:1974 Abstract:Established the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect; authorized funding for fiscal years 1974 through 1977 for demonstration projects on the prevention, identification, and treatment of child abuse and neglect. Available Online
47 Document Title:Public Law 100-505 [S. 945]: Abandoned Infants Assistance Act of 1988. Corporate Author:100th Congress, Washington, DC. Publication Year:1988 Abstract:Public Law 100-505, the Abandoned Infants Assistance Act of 1988, was passed by the 100th Congress in response to the 10 findings which are listed in the Act. Essentially, these findings indicate that the number of infants and young children who have been exposed to drugs taken by their mothers during pregnancy has increased dramatically and a whole series of social programs need to be developed to cope with this problem. Title I, Foster Care and Residential Care of Infants and Young Children Abandoned in Hospitals, provides that the Secretary of Health and Human Services may make grants to public and...more Available Online
48 Document Title:Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008: 110 P.L. 351; 122 Stat. 3949; 2008 Enacted H.R. 6893; 110 Enacted H.R. 6893. Corporate Author:United States. Congress. (110th, 2nd Session : 2008) Publication Year:2008 Abstract:Amends title IV-E to permit States to claim Federal reimbursement for part of the cost of providing kinship guardianship assistance to relatives who become legal guardians of children who have been in foster care. The Act also amends title IV-B to authorize Family Connection Grants for support of kinship navigator programs and other services to help children in, or at risk of entering, foster care to reconnect with family members. It provides or revises requirements for case-by-case waiver of licensing standards for relatives; adoptive or guardianship placement for children older than age 18; a transition plan for children aging out of...more Available Online
50 Document Title:International Adoption Simplification Act: Public Law 111-287 [S. 1376]. Corporate Author:United States. Congress. (111th, 2nd Session : 2010) Publication Year:2010 Abstract:To restore immunization and sibling age exemptions for children adopted by United States citizens under the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption to allow their admission into the United States. (Author abstract) Available Online
51 Document Title:Help HAITI Act of 2010: Public Law 111-293 [H.R. 5283] Corporate Author:United States. Congress. (111th, 2nd Session : 2010) Publication Year:2010 Abstract:To provide for adjustment of status for certain Haitian orphans paroled into the United States after the earthquake of January 12, 2010. (Author abstract) Available Online
53 Document Title:CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010: Public Law 111-320. 111 P.L. 320; 124 Stat. 3459; 2010 Enacted S. 3817; 111 Enacted S. 3817. Corporate Author:United States. Congress. (111th, 2nd Session : 2010) Publication Year:2010 Abstract:To amend the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act, theChild Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform Act of 1978, and the Abandoned Infants Assistance Act of 1988 to reauthorize the Acts, and for other purposes. (Author abstract) Available Online
54 Document Title:Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Controlled Act of 1978: Public Law 95-471: 25 USC 1801. Corporate Author:United States. Congress. (95th, 2nd Session : 1978) Publication Year:1978 Abstract:To provide maximum Indian participation in the Government and education of the Indian people; to provide for the full participation of Indian tribes in programs and services conducted by the Federal Government for Indians and to encourage the development of human resources of the Indian people; to establish a program of assistance to upgrade Indian education; to support the right of Indian citizens to control their own educational activities; and for other purposes. Available Online
59 Document Title:Public Law 112-206 [H.R. 6063]. Child Protection Act of 2012. An Act To amend title 18, United States Code, with respect to child pornography and child exploitation offenses. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2012 Abstract:Reauthorized the PROTECT Our Children Act of 2008 to provide enhanced penalties for possession of child pornography, protect child witnesses and victims from harassment and intimidation, and create the position of National Coordinator for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction who shall be responsible for coordinating the development of a national strategy for child exploitation prevention and interdiction. Available Online
60 Document Title:Public Law 112-275 [H.R. 6655]; Protect Our Kids Act of 2012. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2013 Abstract:An Act to establish a commission to develop a national strategy and recommendations for reducing fatalities resulting from child abuse and neglect. Available Online
64 Document Title:Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 : Public Law 106-386 : H.R. 3244: OCT. 28, 2000. Corporate Author:United States Congress. Publication Year:2000 Abstract:Established several methods of prosecuting traffickers, preventing human trafficking, and protecting victims and survivors of trafficking. The act establishes human trafficking and related offenses as Federal crimes, attaches severe penalties to them, and mandates restitution be paid to trafficking victims. It established the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, which is required to publish a Trafficking In Persons (TIP) report each year that describes and ranks the efforts of countries to combat human trafficking. The act also established the Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, which assists in the implementation of the TVPA. The TVPA protects victims...more Available Online
65 Document Title:Public Law 114-22 [S. 178]: Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015: 114 P.L. 22; 129 Stat. 227; 2015 Enacted S. 178; 114 Enacted S. 178: An Act To provide justice for the victims of trafficking. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2015 Abstract:Authorized programs to provide justice for the victims of trafficking, including grants to States to combat trafficking, child abuse investigation and prosecution programs, services for victims of child pornography, and domestic child human trafficking deterrence programs. The act also authorized specialized training programs for law enforcement officers, first responders, health-care and child welfare officials, juvenile justice personnel, prosecutors, and judicial personnel to identify victims and acts of child human trafficking and facilitate the rescue of child victims of human trafficking. Available Online
69 Document Title:Public Law 113-4 [S. 47]: Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013: 113 P.L. 4; 127 Stat. 54; 2013 Enacted S. 47; 113 Enacted S. 47: An Act to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act of 1994. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2013 Abstract:Note: The Trafficking Victims Protection Act is reauthorized by Title XII of this Act. Title XII of this act, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2013, establishes and strengthens programs to ensure that U.S. citizens do not purchase products made by victims of human trafficking, and to prevent child marriage. It also puts into place emergency response provisions within the State Department to respond quickly to disaster areas and crises where people are particularly susceptible to being trafficked. The reauthorization also strengthens collaboration with State and local law enforcement to ease charging and prosecuting traffickers. Available Online
72 Document Title:Public Law 114-198 [S. 524] : Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016: 114 P.L. 198; 130 Stat. 695; 2016 Enacted S. 524; 114 Enacted S. 524. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2016 Abstract:Title V, section 503 of this act modifies the CAPTA State plan requirement for plans of safe care for infants born and identified as being affected by substance abuse or withdrawal symptoms or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder by adding requirements for the State to ensure the safety and well-being of infants following the release from the care of health-care providers, to address the health and substance use disorder treatment needs of the infant and affected family or caregiver, and to develop the plans of safe care for infants affected by all substance abuse (not just illegal substance abuse as was the...more Available Online
73 Document Title:Public Law 115-123 [H.R. 1892]: Family First Prevention Services Act, Division E, Title VII of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018: 115 P.L. 123; 132 Stat. 64; 2018 Enacted H.R. 1892; 115 Enacted H.R. 1892 Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2018 Abstract:Enacted as Division E, Title VII of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, this act amended and reauthorized through fiscal year 2021 titles IV-B and IV-E of the Social Security Act, with the purpose of enabling states to use federal IV-B and IV-E funds to provide enhanced support to children and families and prevent foster care placements through the provision of mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment services, in-home parent skill-based programs, and kinship navigator services. Available Online
74 Document Title:Supporting Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Act, 115 P.L. 196: 115 P.L. 196; 132 Stat. 1511; 2018 Enacted S. 1091; 115 Enacted S. 1091. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2018 Abstract:More than 2,500,000 grandparents in the United States are the primary caretaker of their grandchildren, and experts report that such numbers are increasing as the opioid epidemic expands.Between 2009 and 2016, the incidence of parental alcohol or other drug use as a contributing factor for children's out-of-home placement rose from 25.4 to 37.4 percent.Grandparents would benefit from better coordination and dissemination of information and resources available to support them in their caregiving responsibilities.Advisory Council To Support Grandparents Raising Grandchildren; Establishment. There is established an Advisory Council to Support Grandparents Raising Grandchildren. Available Online
75 Document Title:Substance Use-Disorder Prevention that Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment for Patients and Communities Act. 115 P.L. 271; 132 Stat. 3894; 2018 Enacted H.R. 6; 115 Enacted H.R. 6 Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2018 Abstract:To provide for opioid use disorder prevention, recovery, and treatment, and for other purposes. Section 7065 amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act to authorize grants to States for the purpose of improving interagency collaboration in developing, updating, implementing, and monitoring plans of safe care; section 8082 amended the title IV-B, subpart B program to provide resources to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to support the conduct and evaluation of a family recovery and reunification program replication project that is designed to help reunify families and protect children by working with parents or guardians with a substance use...more Available Online
76 Document Title:Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2018, 115 P.L. 424, Enacted, January 7, 2019. Corporate Author:United States. Laws, Statutes, etc. Publication Year:2019 Abstract:Section 3 of this act amends the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act to provide immunity from civil and criminal liability (it previously provided immunity only from prosecution) for people who make good faith child abuse or neglect reports or who provide information or assistance, including medical evaluations or consultations, in connection with a report, investigation, or legal intervention pursuant to a good faith report of child abuse or neglect. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2961 Available Online 1 Document Title:College Cost Reduction and Access Act : Public Law 110-84 [H.R. 2669] : 110 P.L. 84; 121 Stat. 784; 2007 Enacted H.R. 2669; 110 Enacted H.R. 2669. Corporate Author:United States Congress Publication Year:2007 Abstract:Title VI, section 604 amends 20 U.S.C. 1087vv to expand the definition of "independent student" to include any individual who was in foster care at any when the individual was age 13 or older. An independent student does not have to include parental income when calculating eligibility for financial aid Available Online Document Title:Public Law 116‐94 [H.R. 1865]: Family First Transition Act, Division N, Title I, Subtitle F, Section 602 of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020: 116 P.L. 94; 133 Stat. 2534; 2019 Enacted H.R. 1865; 116 Enacted H.R. 1865 Corporate Author:United States. Publication Year:2019 Abstract:Enacted as Division N, Title I, Subtitle F, Section 602 of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020, this act modifies the requirement that at least 50 percent of title IV‐E prevention services expenditures be for "well supported"practices, authorizes funding for Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA) transition grants, authorizes grants to provide funding certainty for certain title IV‐E agencies that were operating title IV‐E 2 demonstration projects under section 1130 of the Act on September 30, 2019 (henceforth, "waiver agencies"), and makes other changes. Available Online